http://repositorio.febab.libertar.org/files/original/20/2011/cbbd1979_doc74.pdf 7f4b970b49b1741f00c117041f3baccd PDF Text Text 998 DISPONIBILIDADE UNIVERSAL DE PUBLICAÇÕES Maurice Line Diretor da British Library Lending Dívision Division The topic on which I want to speak is one of fundamental importance to libraries. Universal Availability of Publications (UAP) is a conoept concept and a programme. The programme is one of the two main current programmes of the International Federation of Library Associations. It is fully supported by UNESCO, and it is being coordinated and carried out mainly et at the British Library Lending Division at Boston Spa. The concept is an ideal objective, objective. It is that all publications, wherever and whenever they were published, should be fully available to anaybody wherever he is. This is obviously obviousiy a massive Ueal which in its perfect form is unatteinable. ideei unattainable. Why do we need a programme of UAP? Are not documents elready already suppiied supplied by libraries? It is certainly the job of libraries to supply suppiy documents; but no library is or can be self-sufficient. The volume of tha the world's publications is stili still growing. The economic difficulties of libraries in many also growing and they are becoming less and less self-sufficient. All libraries must countries are aiso increasingly rely on other ressources. Another reason why' UAP is needed, is that there have hava been huge increases and improvements in bibliographic control in the last twenty or thirty years. There have been large developments in the big machine readable data bases in Science and Technology especially. National Bibliographies have improved and IIFLA FLA has a programme of Universal Bibliographic Control — that is the other main programme of IFLA at the moment. It isfolly is folly to.have a programme of improving bibliographic references and making them more widely available aveilable to everyone uniess unless they can obtain the documents to which the references refer. To have a researcher who reoeives receives a fuII full flow of bibliografic references on his subject of interest and for him not to obtain the doduments, is merely frustrating. Document availability at the moment is surprisingly poor. Local libraries may, if they are good, be abie able to satisfy up to 70%-of the needs of researchers. This may seem a very low figure but various studies in the United States of America and the United Kingdom have produced figures of lower than this and 70%, I think, is quite a high figure. You may find libraries that appear to. to perform better, but that is usually because the libraries are so bad that the researchers avoid them completely. Other libraries in the country may be able abIe to satisfy 70% of the remaining needs of they researchers, at the most. Again, 70% is a high figure; not many countries obtain this. Even when they' do, delays in supply suppiy are ara usually so long, procedures are so cumbersome and the wholesystem whole system isso is so difficult and awkward to use that demand is held back. Tha The interlibrary loan System system is not used very much because high sucess and good speed of supply are not expected. In most developed countries, the best average supply suppiy suppiy times that can be expected are about three weeks and, as I have saíd, said, the best suppiy supply rate that can normally be obtained is about 70%. As for International international loans, few countries ara are even able abie to supply suppiy their own publications adequately and delays are usually very long: often six months or more. , The cost of obtaining documepts docunrepts from eisewhere elsewhere is also aIso very high if all costs are taken into account. So, we have a system where local availability is not very high and availability from elsewhere is poor, slow and expensive. eisewhere This is why ona one needs a programme of UAP. Why is the situation so unsatisfactory? I think it is because, until recentiy, recently, hardiy hardly any country in the world realized the scale or importance im|3ortanoe of the problem, although it is absolutely fundamental to both national and International international library planning. They have devoted their attention to bibliographic control, to building up national reference collections, to Computer computer networks, bu what they have not done is to devote attention to suppluing documents, which is the fundamental job of libraries. This is very surprising but is a fact. suppiuing Because the problem has hardiy hardly been identified or taken seriously, seriousiy, few serious attempts have been made to solve it. How then can matters be improved? First of all I want to look at national lending and acquisition Systems systems — because uniess unless books have been acquired they obviousiy obviously cannot be suppiied. supplied. In most countries the system is a cooperativa cooperative one which relies on the books aiready already acquired by libraries to which access is provided by means of union Union catalogues. This requires a high degree of cooperation, voluntary cooperation, between libraries. This system has serious fundamental defficiencies which wh>ch I believe to be intrinsic to cooperation of this kind. First of all, all. acquisition is usually inadequate because you are relying on the possibility that one library or another in the country has acquired a book that may be wanted. The chances of this may not be very high. Secondly, suppiy supply delays are long because it is tha the function of individual libraries to serve their own Secondiy, Digitalizado gentilmente por: �999 clients, not to serve other clients, and interlibrary loans are often given low priority in individual libraries. Thirdiy, Thirdly, the costs are high, both for the requesting librarias. raquesting libraries and the tha supplying suppiying libraries, librarias, because of the cumbersome procedures often used. Often the documentation required and the accounting procedures are extremely costly costiy to operate. And when countries do have accounting systems that require repayment, often the cost of operating the System Systems system is much müch greater than any repayment which is obtained. Some countries have a slightly better version of this, which relias relies on subject specialization, with specially designated libraries which are funded— funded — possibly from national resources. An example of this is the Federal Republic of Germany. This is better because interlending interlanding and acquisition ecquisition are concentrated on a few libraries and it is possible to develop the tha acquisition policies and extend the these libraries. converage by concentrating on thesa A more extreme version is based on centralization, where both acquisition and supply suppiy ara are centralized on one national library. The only real example of this at the moment, I believe, is my extensive acquisition coverage own library, the British Library Lending Division. This can achieve an extensiva because national funds are used to try and ensure that all wanted materiais, materials, or nearly all wanted materiais, materials, ara are obtained in one place. Secondly, Secondiy, ae fast speed of supply suppiy can be achieved because the whole system System is geared to interlending. It does not have to serve any other purpose, such as reference or bibliographic control. The whole stock can be organized for the purpose of interlending. Very few catalogues are needed; cataloguing cost can be very low, stock can be shelved in alphabetical order and procedures can be extremely simple. Because of this, the costs of operating the System system are extremely low. Now I wouid would not suggest that the highly centralized model is necessarily suitable suitabla for all countries. To be successful successfui it requires a high volume of demand. If we do not have that, it It is difficult to justify the high cost of central acquisition. If damand demand is high, tha the acquisition costs are covered adequately because the unit costs are obviousiy obviously low, but if you have a high central acquisition cost and a low demand, youobviousiyheva arxf youobviouslyheve very high unit costs. But countries do not need to choose between total centralization and.total and total decentralization. There are several possible points midway between these extremes. Wa We heve found in our library that a high percentage of demand falls falis on a very limited proportion of the collection. For example, we acquire fifty-two thousand current journals; joumals; five and a half thousand of these account for 80% of demand for journals; nine thousand tities titles account for 90% of demand for journals. This means that a very limited central collection of cerefully selected journals can satisfy a very high proportion of demand. joumals demarKi. Moreover, these are in Science, mostly mostiy in Science and Technology, for which the most urgent need exists because the industrial users usually want a much faster suppiy supply than many academic reserarchers. Nearly ;any country can support, I1 believe,a limited central collection of this kind. This still stili has to be supported by other systems — cooperative systems Systems — but the great bulk of interlending is taken off individual libraries which can therefore perform the role they still stili heve to perform, much more adequately. Recently we carried out on contract to UNESCO, incidentally with the help of a Brazilian Recentiy librarian, Antonio Briquet de Lemos, a study of national interlending systams. systems. This was a comparative study of national landing comparativa lending systems throughout the world and we compared them for cost-effectiveness, speed, satisfaction levei, level, and so on. This report is not yet fully available from UNESCO. It is being circulated widely to national centres but there is a summary article on it which can be studied by anyone interested. The main point we make in this report is not that there is any one perfect solution which can be applied appiied all over the world. It is that every country must take the problem seriousiy, seriously, must analyse its own problem and work out is own solution in the light of its own conditions. Secondly, I want to deal with International Secondiy, international suppiy supply because just as no individual library can be self-sufficient, so no country can be self-sufficiant. self-sufficient. A fundamental requirement here is the ability supply its own publications to its own citezens and to those of other countries, of each country to suppiy by loan or photocopy. photocopy, If it cannot do this, avaiability is impossible. impossible, If you cannot get an English publication from England, where can you expect to get it from? If you cannot get a Brazilian publication from Brazil, where can you expect to get it from? There may be other sources of supply suppiy but, as a last resort, it is essential that the country of publication must be abie able to supply suppiy its own works. This is far from being the case at the moment. For example, the United Kingdom often takes six, seven or eight months to obtain, on loan, from France a recent French book, I do not wish to pick out France particularly, other countries are often even worse. Digitalizado gentilmente por: �1000 Another fundamental requirement of international International availability is efficient national lending Systems. It is obviously systems. obviousiy impossible to have satisfactory international supply, suppiy, except whenall when all countries have their own efficient national systems, systems. You cannot have an effective suppiy supply from Britain uniess unless Britain has a good system of its own. Again Brítain Britain cannot rely on Brazil uniess unless Brazil has a good System. system. Neither requesting nor supplying suppiying can operate efficently, efficentiy, except on the basis of efficient national lending systems. There are other improvements that can be made in international lending, apart from these two fundamental requirements. Firstly, procedures can be greatly improved and some work has been done towards this in Firstiy, the last three or four years by the IFLA Office for International Lending, which is based at Boston Spa. We have divised a new and improved IFLA International Request Form, we have advised other Spa countries how to improve their procedures, we have laid down new standards and procedures for international lending, which the IFLA Committee on interlending International inteiiending approved last year. These are published in IFLA Journal and in various other places. Of course, getting procedures approved is one that all countries wili will look thing, getting countries to adopt them is another. another, But I hope very much thet at this seriousiy seriously and see how they can improve their procedures of International international lending. There are other possibilities for improvement. One, which is of interest to UNESCO, is the concept of regional as the Middle collections. This is the idea that regions of the world, such ás Middie East or South East Asia or Latin America, should have regional collections which can satisfy a high volume of interlíbrary interlibrary lending demand. This, to me, is not a good solution ifíf itít depends on the economic and politícal political cooperation of the countries concerned. You have only to think of the problems of getting Middle Middie Eastern countries together, let elona alone South East Asian countries to cooperate in setting up a central suppiy supply system for ell System all their countries. In which country is it to be? How is it to be funded? How is it to operate? How is Itit to be staffed? Is it to be payed for by individual users? I don not think this solution is a possible one. What is a possible solution, and I believe this might be of interest to Brazil, is for one large country in a region to set up an efficient central supply suppiy system of its own and then provide its services, in return for payment, to other countries in the region. Services, This is exactly exectiy what the British LIbrary Library Lending DIvision Division does in Western Europe, Europe. I cannot see any reason why Brazil, ífif it set up a good system of its own, could not do so to other countries in South America. I think this is Is well worth considering. Another possibility is international collections. Is it possible to conceive of an international worldwide collection which can satisfy to any country in the world a large number of internationel tha the publications they require? I think this is just possible for some categories of material. It Is is possible for joumals journals and report literature, and end a few other categories. I don't think it is possible for ordinary books. give a worldwide service, In fact, the British Library Lending Division does giva Service, and we receive raceive each year over five hundred thousand requests from other countries. So we are, in fact, acting as en an international suppiy supply centre for joumals journals but we could not possibly do so for books. Again, on contract to UNESCO, we are now studying various models of international lerKling systems, systems. fnduding Including international centres, regional centres, procedures and so on, to heve have a lending look at he various schemes and the costs of them and their relative effectiveness; and we hope to report to UNESCO on this within a few month's time. tima. Again, ín in contract to UNESCO, we are studying the situation with availability in individual countries; wa we are era selecting four or five countries and analysing their present ability to supply suppiy publications to their users. The aim of this is to show Show how serious the problem is and to identify its nature. nature, We know what the problem Is is in Britain, we know it is in the United States, we know what it Is is in Germany, but we do not know it in many other countries and we need a much more carefui careful analysis in dífferent different kinds of country, in different dífferent parts of the world. This is a very complicated study arxf and we shall not be having any resuits results for a year or so. Another piece of research we hope to do is international acquisition systems; the various schemes that exist in different dífferent countries of the world for trying to establish coverage of acquisitions, acquisitions. Finally we are hopíng hoping to do, on contract to a body called NORDINFO, a study of availability in the Nordic Scandinavian countries: Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Icelarxd, Iceland, which wilI will be a study of availability within the particular region of the world. world, So, quite a lot of research is now being done on the theme of UAP. Responsibility for furthering UAP rests with several bodies. First of all, it rests with the IFLA/UAP IF LA/U AP programme, which is, as I said, conducted at large at Boston Spa. It is coordinated by Digitalizado gentilmente por: �1001 myself, I have one or two researchers working on it, and we shall contract some of the research out. So, we are trying to lead this programme at the moment. Secondly, it is the responsibility of UNESCO, which is giving its full commitment to the Secondiy, programme. It is giving financial support for it and it is helping in other ways. Thirdly, it is the responsibilit\r Thirdiy, responsibility' of national libraries. They can give a lead. If they are carefully planned, they may be abie able to act as a national suppiy supply centre. Fourthly, it is the job of national library associations to consider the tha problem in their own countries and what can be done about it. It is something that every national library association must take very seriousiy seriously and discuss among all the librarians in the country. taka Fifthly.sit is the responsibility of national governments. Individual governments must take this seriousiy. seriously. Information is a major world resource — without it the world cannnot survive in future and an integral part of Information information Services services throughout tha the world: tha the document suppIy. supply. Wa We are hoping that UNESCO wili will call an International Congress on UAP in two years' will do a great deal to achieve the commitment of national governments. time. If this happens, it wilI Finally, it is the responsibility of individual libraries, of individual librarians, arKl and of Irxfividual users. They want to give a service to their users and their users want the Service. irKiividual service. It is up to them to consider how this should be done. It is up to them to talk to their national library associations, to talk to their national libraries and to talk to their national governments. Only by this degree of commitment on the part of individual librarians wili will UAP become a reality. Digitalizado gentilmente por; por: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CBBD - Edição: 10 - Ano: 1979 (Curitiba/PR) Subject The topic of the resource Biblioteconomia Documentação Ciência da Informação Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available FEBAB Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Language A language of the resource Português Type The nature or genre of the resource Evento Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Curitiriba (Paraná) Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Disponibilidade universal de publicações Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Line, Maurice Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Curitiba Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available FEBAB & Associação Bibliotecária do Paraná Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Type The nature or genre of the resource Evento Subject The topic of the resource Publicações Institucionais Description An account of the resource The topic on which I want to speak is one of fundamental importance to libraries. Universal Availability of Publications (UAP) is a concept and a programme. The programme is one of the two main current programmes of the International Federation of Library Associations. It is fully supported by UNESCO, and it is being coordinated and carried out mainly at the British Library Lending Division at Boston Spa. Language A language of the resource en